Today, the opioid crisis in America has become a public catastrophe. Drug overdose, many due to the abuse of opioids is the new leading cause of death among Americans under the age of 50, overtaking automobile accidents and heart disease.
What’s perhaps most shocking about the crisis, is its cause is widely considered to be the overuse and over-prescription of legal painkillers, namely Oxycontin. Opioid use has expanded beyond prescription narcotics to illegal (and oftentimes deadly) drugs like heroin and fentanyl.
Given the known risk of prescription opioid drugs, are their sales on the rise or decline of America? And in which states are legal opioids sold at the highest (and lowest) rates and how does that compare to drug overdose rates?
On the heels of the recent 527M opioid lawsuit verdict against Johnson and Johnson, the team at ConsumerProtect.com analyzed government data provided by the Drug Enforcement Agency of controlled substances (DEA) sales to look at the per capita opioid sales by state and over time and ultimately see where the damage was being done.
We found that opioid sales today have more than doubled versus in 2000. However, sales today have declined by 28% since 2010. Today, the states with the highest rate of opioid sales are Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Nevada, in that order. The places with the lowest rates of opioid sales are Washington DC, Minnesota and Illinois.
We found that the current rate of opioid sales was mostly uncorrelated with drug overdoses today. However, we found a much stronger relationship between past sales in 2010 and the current levels of overdoses.
Put differently, where “legal” sales of prescription opioids were high in the past, today we see their consequences in the form of drug overdoses.
Quick Facts
- Roughly 21 to 29 percent of patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain misuse them.
- Between 8 and 12 percent develop an opioid use disorder.
- An estimated 4 to 6 percent who misuse prescription opioids transition to heroin.
- About 80 percent of people who use heroin first misused prescription opioids.
- Opioid overdoses increased 30 percent from July 2016 through September 2017 in 52 areas in 45 states.
- The Midwestern region saw opioid overdoses increase 70 percent from July 2016 through September 2017.
- Opioid overdoses in large cities increase by 54 percent in 16 states.
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To provide some context, first, let’s look at the rate of legal opioid sales in the United States over the last almost two decades. The data is provided by the Drug Enforcement Agency which tracks the sales of the two main variants of prescription opioids: Oxycodone (Oxycontin, Percocet) and Hydrocodone (Vicodin, Norco).
United States Opioid Sales per 100K People (KG)
From 2000 to 2011, the rate of opioid sales per 100,000 people in the United States more than triples from 10.6 to 33.9. By 2011, however, as the harmful addictive side-effects of the drugs become more well-publicized, crackdowns on “prescription mills” began.
Today, still 24.4 kilograms of opioid drugs are sold per 100,000 people in America, more than twice as much as in 2000, though 28% less than the peak of 2011.
While the national average in 2017 was 24.4kg opioids sold per capita, that figure varies dramatically by location.
The chart below shows each state ranked per capita from most to least opioids sold.
Opioid Sales by State Per Capita
In Tennessee, a state with a full-blown opioid crisis has the highest rate of opioid prescription pharmaceuticals sales in the country. In Tennessee, nearly twice as many opioids are sold as the national average. Oklahoma and Nevada round out the top three states with the highest rate of opioid sales. On the other hand, the District of Columbia has the nation’s lowest rate of opioid sales, followed by Minnesota and Illinois.
Over the last two decades, where did opioid sales in America explode the fastest? Opioid sales increased everywhere, but in some states, they grew much faster than others.
Opioid Sales by State Rankings
Kansas ranks #1 as the state with the highest rate of opioid sales growth in the country, with sales increasing by 259% versus the year 2000. All of the top 10 states with the fastest growth in opioid sales increased by more than 200%. Even in DC, Massachusetts, and Maine (the states with the slowest growth) have seen opioid sales expand approximately 50%.
Is there any good news? Well, since the beginning of the decade, the rate of opioid sales have declined. The following charts show the states making the most and least progress on curbing sales of these drugs.
States with Largest and Smallest Reduction of Opioid Sales
During this decade, states like Florida, Maine, and Delaware have seen their rate of opioid sales decline. During this time period, all states have had a reduction in legal opioid sales, with the exception of Idaho, Wyoming, and Arkansas where sales are up modestly.
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Is there any relationship between the level of prescription opioid sales and the number of drug overdoses? Next, we looked at drug overdose data for 2016 as compiled by the CDC compared to opioid sales.
At first, we compared today’s opioid sales in a state to its death rate and found it had a near-zero correlation. Next, however, we looked at today’s death rate versus the rate of prescription opioid sales at the beginning of the decade when sales were peaking.
Did the proliferation of “legal” opioids in the past result in more widespread deaths from drug overdose today? The following chart shows the relationship:
While further analysis is required, we found a positive relationship between past legal opioid sales and fatal drug overdoses in 2016 (the most recent year the data is available). The data provides some credence to the thesis that legal sales of prescription drugs in the past helped hasten the dramatic crisis going on today. What’s more, this data highlights the magnitude of the opioid epidemic in places like West Virginia where the death rates from drugs are nearly off the chart.
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Today’s opioid epidemic in large part has been catalyzed by the proliferation of drugs like Oxycontin in the 2000s and 2010s. We are starting to see the efforts of fighting opioid addiction with the bankruptcy of the drugmaker Purdue Pharma.
While sales of this drug have recently been reigned in, their rate of sale continues to be much higher today than two decades ago with states like Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Nevada has the highest rate of sales in the nation. Most recently, Illinois, Minnesota, and Washington DC have the lowest rate of opioid sales.
In the last decade, the rate of legal sales has slowed down in all states except Arkansas, Wyoming, and Idaho. However, the opioid epidemic has worsened even as prescription drugs have become harder to come by. Legal prescriptions may be less available, but users have switched to illegal drugs like heroin and fentanyl, which are cheaper and more deadly.
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